Ingles Basico Tres

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    COGNATES
    Para nuestro estudio, podemos decir que un cognado o “doblete”, es aquel término con un mismo origen etimológico, pero con distinta evolución fonética.
     
    En el idioma ingles, encontramos palabras que se escriben igual que en español y significan lo mismo, ejemplo:
     
    Hospital  (jospital)     Hospital
     
    Pero hay algunos que son falsos cognados y debemos tener cuidado, porque no significaran lo mismo en español, ejemplo:
     
    Groceries   (groceriis)   comestibles (alimentos)  lo pueden confundir con groserías, las cuales se escriben en ingles “rudeness” or “coarseness.

     
    Aquí tenemos algunos cognados con sus significados en español.
      
    INGLES SIGNIFICADO   INGLES SIGNIFICADO
    ACT acta   EVICTION evicción
    ADEQUATE adecuado   EXECUTION ejecución
    ADJUDICATE adjudicar   EXTENSION extensión
    AFFLUENCE             afluencia   EXTRAVAGANT extravagante
    AGGREGATE            agregado   FABRIC fábrica
    AGONIZE agonizar   FABRICATE fabricar
    ANTICIPATE anticipar   FACILE fácil
    APPARENT aparente   FACILITY facilidad
    APT apto   FACULTY facultad
    ARTICULATE articular   FASTIDIOUS fastidioso
    ASSIDUOUS asiduo   FIGURE figura
    AUDIENCE audiencia   FORM forma
    AUDITION audición   FORMIDABLE formidable
    BACHELOR bachiller   FRESH fresco
    BALANCE balance   GENIAL genial
    BLAND blando   GENTEEL/GENTLE gentil
    BRAVE bravo   GRACIOUS/GRACEFUL gracioso
    CANDID cándido   GRAND grande / gran
    CANDOUR candor   HUMAN / HUMANE humano
    CARAVAN caravana   IGNORE ignorar
    CARTOON/CARTON cartón   IMMATERIAL inmaterial
    CASKET casquete   INCONSEQUENTIAL inconsecuente
    CASSEROLE cacerola   INFAMOUS infame
    CASTOR castor   INFAMY infamia
    CASUAL casual   IN FRONT OF frente a
    CASUALTY casualidad   INGENUITY ingenuidad
    CASUISTRY casuística   INJURE injuriar
    COLLATERAL colateral   INTEGRAL integral
    COMMODITY comodidad   INTENT intento
    COMPASS compás   INTERN internar
    COMPLEXION complexión   INTERN interno
    COMPREHENSIVE comprensivo   INTIMATE intimar
    COMPROMISE compromiso   INTOXICATE intoxicar(se)
    CONCUR concurrir   INVIDIOUS envidioso
    CONDEMNATION condenación   LABOR labor
    CONFECTION confección   LIBRARY librería
    CONFORM conformar(se)   LITERATE Literato
    CONFOUNDED confundido   MATERIAL material
    CONSISTENT consistente   MISERY miseria
    CONSPICUOUS conspicuo   OBFUSCATE ofuscar
    CONSTRUE construir   OSTENSIBLE ostensible
    CONTEND contender   PARSIMONIOUS parsimonioso
    CORRELATIVE correlativo   PAVEMENT pavimento
    CRUDE crudo   PREDICAMENT predicamento
    DECEPTION decepción   PROCEED proceder
    DECREE decreto   QUALIFICATION calificación
    DELINQUENT delincuente   QUOTA cuota
    DEMONSTRATION demostración   REALIZE realizar
    DESTITUTION destitución   RECONDITE recóndito
    DILAPIDATED dilapidado   REGALIA regalía
    DISCHARGE descargar   REMOVE remover
    DISGRACE desgracia   RENDITION rendición
    DISGUSTED disgustado   REPRESENT representar
    DISMAY desmayo   RESCISSION rescisión
    DISSERTATION disertación   SENSIBLE sensible
    DISTRACTED distraído   SOPHISTICATED sofisticado
    DIVERTED divertido   SPINE espina
    EDITOR editor   SQUALID escuálido
    EDITORIAL editorial   SYMPATHETIC simpático
    EGREGIOUS egregio   SYNDICATE sindicato
    ELABORATE elaborado   TERMINATE terminar
    ESPY espiar   TOPIC tópico
    EVENTUALLY eventualmente   UTILITY Utilidad
                   
     
    FALSE COGNATES
     
    There are literally thousands of words that are the same or similar in appearance in English and Spanish, and have the same meaning in both languages (“cognates”). There are also, however, many instances where appearances are deceiving and words that look alike are quite different in meaning (“false cognates”). The following list includes some of the most common false cognates, also known as “false friends:”
     
    la acción
    In addition to meaning “action” in Spanish, it is also used in business to mean “share,” “stock.” Las acciones de la compañía = “the company’s stock” (or “shares”).
     
    actual
    In Spanish, means “present,” “current,” and not “actual” as we use it in English, which in Spanish is instead real, verdadero. e.g. El presidente actual no ejerce el verdadero poder = “The current presidente does not exercise the actual power.” Notice how Spanish uses verdadero = “true”, instead of actual, which instead of meaning “real” as it does in English, would only have the meaning of “present” or “current” in Spanish.
     
    e.g. actualmente: “at the present time;” en realidad, de veras, realmente = “actually.”
     
    asistir
    In Spanish, means “to attend,” not “to assist,” and requires the preposition a before a noun. e.g. Casi nunca asiste a sus clases = “He almost never attends class”. “To assist,” with the meaning in English of “to help,” is ayudar.
     
    el colegio
    General term for “school,” or often, “high school”. Does not mean “college,” which in Spanish is la universidad.
     
    una conferencia
    This may mean “conference” as we know it in English, with the meaning of a convention;” it has another, often-used meaning in Spanish, which in English would be a “lecture” by a professor or a public speaker.
     
    la decepción
    Means “disappointment” and sometimes “a feeling of having been deceived;” “deception” in Spanish, however, is usually translated as “engaño.”
     
    una desgracia
    Means “misfortune,” not necessarily “disgrace.” ¡Qué desgracia! = What a misfortune! desgraciadamente: “unfortunately.” A “disgrace” = una deshonra.
    un disgusto
    Means “unpleasantness,” “annoyance” as opposed to “disgust,” which is translated into Spanish as asco. Me da asco = “It disgusts me.” e.g. Tuve un disgusto con mi cuñado. = “I had an unpleasant incident with my brother-in-law.”
     
    embarazada
    Does not mean “embarrassed,” which in Spanish is avergonzado/a, desconcertado/a, or turbado/a. Está embarazada is one way of saying “She’s pregnant” in Spanish.
     
    el éxito
    Means “success.” e.g. Su nueva comedia tuvo un gran éxito. = “His new play was a great success.” Not to be confused with an “exit”, which in Spanish is salida.
     
    fastidioso
    “Annoying,” “bothersome.” Fastidiar is a commonly used verb; e.g. No me fastidies. = “Don’t bother (annoy) me.” Likewise, the noun is (un/el) fastidio. Es un fastidio. = “It’s a bother (nuisance, inconvenience).” It is difficult to find an equivalent for “fastidious” in
    Spanish. Several possibilities are melindroso, quisquilloso, exigente, difícil de complacer.
     
    una firma
    “Signature.” A “business firm” is compañía or casa (comercial).
     
    una grosería
    The adjective grosero means “rude” or “course” and a grosería is “rudeness” or “coarseness.” Not to be confused as a translation of the English word “grocery,” which is known by a various terms depending on the country/region of the Hispanic world where it is used. Usually una tienda de ultramarinos in Spain, it is una tienda de abarrotes in Mexico; una bodega in Cuba and Venezuela; un almacén in Argentine, Uruguay and Chile; un colmado in Puerto Rico.
     
    el idioma
    In English, translates as “language”. What we call an “idiom” in English, on the other hand, is modismo in Spanish; e.g. Hay muchos modismos en cada idioma. = “There are many idioms in every language.”
     
    un indiano
    This is a special term used to refer to a Spaniard who went to the Spanish colonies in the New World and returned to Europe with great wealth. A (North/South/Central)-American Indian is most frequently referred to as un indígena or un indio; a person from the Indian
    continent is also referred to as un indio.
     
    introducir
    Means “introduce” in the sense of “to bring up a topic in conversation” (= introducir un tema) or “to stick in,” “to put into,” “to insert,” all physical actions. “To introduce a person” in Spanish is presentar.
     
    largo
    Means “long” in English. “Large” is instead grande.
     
    una lectura
    Means “reading,” in English, not “lecture.” The word for “lecture” in Spanish, as mentioned above, is conferencia.
     
    la librería
    = “bookstore.” “Library” is instead la biblioteca.
     
    molestar
    May mean “to molest” but more often is the equivalent of the English “to bother,” “disturb,” “annoy.” e.g. Siento molestarlo = “I’m sorry to bother you.” Another common phrase is No es ninguna molestia = “It’s no trouble” (or “bother”).
     
    oficio
    = “trade, occupation.” “Office” is el despacho or la oficina.
     
    el/la pariente
    This is the general word for a “relative.” The word in Spanish for “parent” is padre (father) or madre (mother). “parents” = los padres
     
    pretender
    = “to attempt, to try to.” “To pretend” = fingir.
     
    la propaganda
    Not only “propaganda” as we use it in English but also “advertising,” “publicity.”
     
    regular
    In addition to having the meaning of “regular” in English, may also mean “average,” “so-so,” “O.K.” In answer to the question ¿Cómo estás?, means “so-so,” “O.K.”
     
    sano
    “Healthy” rather than “sane,” which is cuerdo/a. Note the expression sano y salvo = “safe and sound.”
     
    sensible
    = “sensitive” in English. “Sensible” in English may be sensato, cuerdo, razonable, de buen sentido. e.g. Es una persona muy sensible. = “He is a very sensitive person.”
     
    una sentencia
    Means a “sentence” only in the judicial sense. May also mean “a saying” or “proverb.” “Sentence” in the grammatical sense is “(una) frase.”
     
    simpático
    This is one of the finest compliments that can be given to a person. It is roughly the equivalent of “pleasant,” “charming,” “congenial.” “Sympathetic” = compasivo, simpatizante.
    un suceso
    = “event, occurrence, happening.” The verb suceder means “to happen to,” “to occur.” Remember, as we have mentioned, “success”= éxito.
     
    Sujeto
    Means “subject” only in the grammatical sense. It may also mean, colloquially, “fellow, guy,” with a derogatory feel. A subject in school is (la) asignatura, (la) materia, (el) curso. When it is the equivalent of “topic,” “subject” = (el) tema. When it refers to a citizen of a country, “subject” is súbdito or ciudadano.
     
    tipo
    Not only “type” as in “category,” but also used colloquially, with a derogatory feel, for “guy” or “character.” e.g. No me gusta ese tipo. = “I don’t like that guy.” Note the economic/financial term tipo de cambio = “exchange rate” (of currency).

     

    actually   en realidad
    absolutely completamente
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    agony angustia
    apology excusa, disculpa
    to apologize Pedir disculpa
    arena estadio
    argument disputa
    to argue tener disputa
    to assist ayudar
    to attend asistir
     
    body cuerpo
    camp campamento
    capable capaz
    career profesión
    carpet alfombra
    college colegio
    to compromise llegar a un arreglo
    constipated estreñido
    cup taza
     
    deception engaño
    to contest contender
    to discuss conversar
    dishonest no ser honrado ni sincero
    editor redactor
    to embarrass hacer que alguien tiene verguenza
    embarrassed avergonzado
    excited emocionado
    exit salida
     
    fabric tela
    factory fabrica
    fault culpa
    to be familiar with conocer
    grocery supermercado
    hay heno
    honest honrado, sincero
    to ignore no hacer caso
    inconsequential de poca importancia
    to introduce presentar
     
    large  grande
    lecture conferencia
    letter letra y carta
    library biblioteca
    luxury lujo
    manners modales
    mark mancha
    mayor alcalde
    to molest abusar sexualmente
    notice aviso
     
    to notice fijarse en
    once una vez
    pan sartén
    papa abuelo o padre
    parent padre o madre
    parents padres
    particular cierto, exigente
    practically casi, efectivamente
    present presente, regalo
    to pretend fingir
    punctual que llega a la hora fija
     
    <
    to quit dejar, dejar de
    rapist violador
    reciept recibo
    to realize darse cuenta
    red rojo, colorado
    pie tarta
    to record grabar, anotar
    record disco
    relatives parientes
    resort lugar de vacaciones
    to rest descansar
    to retire jubilarse
    rope
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